# AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
# 
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Fedora Deployment Guide\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-02-22T00:51:19\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-21 10:13+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Sinhala (http://www.transifex.net/projects/p/fedora/team/si/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: si\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "The <filename>proc</filename> File System"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> "
"<secondary>introduced</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>/proc/</filename> directory</primary> <see> "
"<filename>proc</filename> file system</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The Linux kernel has two primary functions: to control access to physical "
"devices on the computer and to schedule when and how processes interact with"
" these devices. The <filename>/proc/</filename> directory (also called the "
"<filename>proc</filename> file system) contains a hierarchy of special files"
" which represent the current state of the kernel, allowing applications and "
"users to peer into the kernel's view of the system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/</filename> directory contains a wealth of information "
"detailing system hardware and any running processes. In addition, some of "
"the files within <filename>/proc/</filename> can be manipulated by users and"
" applications to communicate configuration changes to the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Later versions of the 2.6 kernel have made the "
"<filename>/proc/ide/</filename> and <filename>/proc/pci/</filename> "
"directories obsolete. The <command>/proc/ide/</command> file system is now "
"superseded by files in <command>sysfs</command>; to retrieve information on "
"PCI devices, use <command>lspci</command> instead. For more information on "
"<command>sysfs</command> or <command>lspci</command>, refer to their "
"respective <command>man</command> pages."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "A Virtual File System"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>file system</primary> <secondary>virtual</secondary> <see> "
"<filename>proc</filename> file system</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>virtual file system</primary> <see> <filename>proc</filename> file "
"system</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>virtual files</primary> <see> <filename>proc</filename> file "
"system</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Linux systems store all data as <emphasis>files</emphasis>. Most users are "
"familiar with the two primary types of files: text and binary. But the "
"<filename>/proc/</filename> directory contains another type of file called a"
" <firstterm>virtual file</firstterm>. As such, <filename>/proc/</filename> "
"is often referred to as a <firstterm>virtual file system</firstterm>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Virtual files have unique qualities. Most of them are listed as zero bytes "
"in size, but can still contain a large amount of information when viewed. In"
" addition, most of the time and date stamps on virtual files reflect the "
"current time and date, indicative of the fact they are constantly updated."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Virtual files such as <filename>/proc/interrupts</filename>, "
"<filename>/proc/meminfo</filename>, <filename>/proc/mounts</filename>, and "
"<filename>/proc/partitions</filename> provide an up-to-the-moment glimpse of"
" the system's hardware. Others, like the "
"<filename>/proc/filesystems</filename> file and the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory provide system configuration "
"information and interfaces."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For organizational purposes, files containing information on a similar topic"
" are grouped into virtual directories and sub-directories. Process "
"directories contain information about each running process on the system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Viewing Virtual Files"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>files, proc file system</primary> <secondary>viewing</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary>viewing"
" files within</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Most files within <filename>/proc/</filename> files operate similarly to "
"text files, storing useful system and hardware data in human-readable text "
"format. As such, you can use <command>cat</command>, "
"<command>more</command>, or <command>less</command> to view them. For "
"example, to display information about the system's CPU, run <command>cat "
"/proc/cpuinfo</command>. This will return output similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"processor\t: 0\n"
"vendor_id\t: AuthenticAMD\n"
"cpu family\t: 5\n"
"model\t\t: 9\n"
"model name\t: AMD-K6(tm) 3D+\n"
"Processor stepping\t: 1 cpu\n"
"MHz\t\t: 400.919\n"
"cache size\t: 256 KB\n"
"fdiv_bug\t: no\n"
"hlt_bug\t\t: no\n"
"f00f_bug\t: no\n"
"coma_bug\t: no\n"
"fpu\t\t: yes\n"
"fpu_exception\t: yes\n"
"cpuid level\t: 1\n"
"wp\t\t: yes\n"
"flags\t\t: fpu vme de pse tsc msr mce cx8 pge mmx syscall 3dnow k6_mtrr\n"
"bogomips\t: 799.53\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Some files in <command>/proc/</command> contain information that is not "
"human-readable. To retrieve information from such files, use tools such as "
"<command>lspci</command>, <command>apm</command>, <command>free</command>, "
"and <command>top</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Note"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Some of the virtual files in the <filename>/proc/</filename> directory are "
"readable only by the root user."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Changing Virtual Files"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>files, proc file system</primary> <secondary>changing</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> "
"<secondary>changing files within</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"As a general rule, most virtual files within the <filename>/proc/</filename>"
" directory are read-only. However, some can be used to adjust settings in "
"the kernel. This is especially true for files in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> subdirectory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "To change the value of a virtual file, use the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>echo <replaceable>value</replaceable> &gt; "
"/proc/<replaceable>file</replaceable> </command>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "For example, to change the hostname on the fly, run:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>echo <replaceable>www.example.com</replaceable> &gt; "
"/proc/sys/kernel/hostname </command>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Other files act as binary or Boolean switches. Typing <command>cat "
"/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</command> returns either a "
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput> (off or false) or a "
"<computeroutput>1</computeroutput> (on or true). A "
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput> indicates that the kernel is not "
"forwarding network packets. To turn packet forwarding on, run <command>echo "
"1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Tip"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Another command used to alter settings in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> subdirectory is "
"<command>/sbin/sysctl</command>. For more information on this command, refer"
" to <xref linkend=\"s1-proc-sysctl\" />"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For a listing of some of the kernel configuration files available in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> subdirectory, refer to <xref linkend=\"s2"
"-proc-dir-sys\" />."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Top-level Files within the <filename>proc</filename> File System"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary>files "
"within, top-level</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Below is a list of some of the more useful virtual files in the top-level of"
" the <filename>/proc/</filename> directory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"In most cases, the content of the files listed in this section are not the "
"same as those installed on your machine. This is because much of the "
"information is specific to the hardware on which &MAJOROS; is running for "
"this documentation effort."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/buddyinfo</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/buddyinfo</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file is used primarily for diagnosing memory fragmentation issues. "
"Using the buddy algorithm, each column represents the number of pages of a "
"certain order (a certain size) that are available at any given time. For "
"example, for zone <firstterm>direct memory access</firstterm> (DMA), there "
"are 90 of 2<superscript>(0*PAGE_SIZE)</superscript> chunks of memory. "
"Similarly, there are 6 of 2<superscript>(1*PAGE_SIZE)</superscript> chunks, "
"and 2 of 2<superscript>(2*PAGE_SIZE)</superscript> chunks of memory "
"available."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <computeroutput>DMA</computeroutput> row references the first 16 MB on a"
" system, the <computeroutput>HighMem</computeroutput> row references all "
"memory greater than 4 GB on a system, and the "
"<computeroutput>Normal</computeroutput> row references all memory in "
"between."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The following is an example of the output typical of "
"<filename>/proc/buddyinfo</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Node 0, zone      DMA     90      6      2      1      1      ...\n"
"Node 0, zone   Normal   1650    310      5      0      0      ...\n"
"Node 0, zone  HighMem      2      0      0      1      1      ...\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/cmdline</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/cmdline</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file shows the parameters passed to the kernel at the time it is "
"started. A sample <filename>/proc/cmdline</filename> file looks like the "
"following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet 3\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This tells us that the kernel is mounted read-only (signified by "
"<computeroutput>(ro)</computeroutput>), located on the first logical volume "
"(<computeroutput>LogVol00</computeroutput>) of the first volume group "
"(<computeroutput>/dev/VolGroup00</computeroutput>). "
"<computeroutput>LogVol00</computeroutput> is the equivalent of a disk "
"partition in a non-LVM system (Logical Volume Management), just as "
"<computeroutput>/dev/VolGroup00</computeroutput> is similar in concept to "
"<filename>/dev/hda1</filename>, but much more extensible."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For more information on LVM used in &MAJOROS;, refer to <ulink "
"url=\"http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-"
"HOWTO/index.html\">http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/index.html</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Next, <computeroutput>rhgb</computeroutput> signals that the "
"<filename>rhgb</filename> package has been installed, and graphical booting "
"is supported, assuming <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> shows a default "
"runlevel set to <command>id:5:initdefault:</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Finally, <computeroutput>quiet</computeroutput> indicates all verbose kernel"
" messages are suppressed at boot time."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/cpuinfo</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/cpuinfo</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This virtual file identifies the type of processor used by your system. The "
"following is an example of the output typical of "
"<filename>/proc/cpuinfo</filename>:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"processor\t: 0\n"
"vendor_id\t: GenuineIntel\n"
"cpu family\t: 15\n"
"model\t\t: 2\n"
"model name\t: Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.40GHz\n"
"stepping\t: 7 cpu\n"
"MHz\t\t: 2392.371\n"
"cache size\t: 512 KB\n"
"physical id\t: 0\n"
"siblings\t: 2\n"
"runqueue\t: 0\n"
"fdiv_bug\t: no\n"
"hlt_bug\t\t: no\n"
"f00f_bug\t: no\n"
"coma_bug\t: no\n"
"fpu\t\t: yes\n"
"fpu_exception\t: yes\n"
"cpuid level\t: 2\n"
"wp\t\t: yes\n"
"flags\t\t: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca  cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm\n"
"bogomips\t: 4771.02\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>processor</computeroutput> &mdash; Provides each processor "
"with an identifying number. On systems that have one processor, only a "
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput> is present."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>cpu family</computeroutput> &mdash; Authoritatively "
"identifies the type of processor in the system. For an Intel-based system, "
"place the number in front of \"86\" to determine the value. This is "
"particularly helpful for those attempting to identify the architecture of an"
" older system such as a 586, 486, or 386. Because some RPM packages are "
"compiled for each of these particular architectures, this value also helps "
"users determine which packages to install."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>model name</computeroutput> &mdash; Displays the common name"
" of the processor, including its project name."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>cpu MHz</computeroutput> &mdash; Shows the precise speed in "
"megahertz for the processor to the thousandths decimal place."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>cache size</computeroutput> &mdash; Displays the amount of "
"level 2 memory cache available to the processor."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>siblings</computeroutput> &mdash; Displays the number of "
"sibling CPUs on the same physical CPU for architectures which use hyper-"
"threading."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>flags</computeroutput> &mdash; Defines a number of different"
" qualities about the processor, such as the presence of a floating point "
"unit (FPU) and the ability to process MMX instructions."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/crypto</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/crypto</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file lists all installed cryptographic ciphers used by the Linux "
"kernel, including additional details for each. A sample "
"<filename>/proc/crypto</filename> file looks like the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"name         : sha1\n"
"module       : kernel\n"
"type         : digest\n"
"blocksize    : 64\n"
"digestsize   : 20\n"
"name         : md5\n"
"module       : md5\n"
"type         : digest\n"
"blocksize    : 64\n"
"digestsize   : 16\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/devices</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/devices</filename> </secondary> <tertiary>block "
"devices</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/devices</filename> </secondary> <tertiary>character "
"devices</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>character devices</primary> <secondary>definition of</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>character devices</primary> <seealso> "
"<filename>/proc/devices</filename> </seealso>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>block devices</primary> <seealso> "
"<filename>/proc/devices</filename> </seealso>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid "<primary>block devices</primary> <secondary>definition of</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file displays the various character and block devices currently "
"configured (not including devices whose modules are not loaded). Below is a "
"sample output from this file:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Character devices:\n"
"  1 mem\n"
"  4 /dev/vc/0\n"
"  4 tty\n"
"  4 ttyS\n"
"  5 /dev/tty\n"
"  5 /dev/console\n"
"  5 /dev/ptmx\n"
"  7 vcs\n"
"  10 misc\n"
"  13 input\n"
"  29 fb\n"
"  36 netlink\n"
"  128 ptm\n"
"  136 pts\n"
"  180 usb\n"
"\n"
"Block devices:\n"
"  1 ramdisk\n"
"  3 ide0\n"
"  9 md\n"
"  22 ide1\n"
"  253 device-mapper\n"
"  254 mdp\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The output from <filename>/proc/devices</filename> includes the major number"
" and name of the device, and is broken into two major sections: "
"<computeroutput>Character devices</computeroutput> and <computeroutput>Block"
" devices</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<firstterm>Character devices</firstterm> are similar to <firstterm>block "
"devices</firstterm>, except for two basic differences:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Character devices do not require buffering. Block devices have a buffer "
"available, allowing them to order requests before addressing them. This is "
"important for devices designed to store information &mdash; such as hard "
"drives &mdash; because the ability to order the information before writing "
"it to the device allows it to be placed in a more efficient order."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Character devices send data with no preconfigured size. Block devices can "
"send and receive information in blocks of a size configured per device."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For more information about devices refer to the following installed "
"documentation:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>&lt;kernel_version&gt;</replaceable>/Documentation/devices.txt"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/dma</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/dma</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file contains a list of the registered ISA DMA channels in use. A "
"sample <filename>/proc/dma</filename> files looks like the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"4: cascade\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/execdomains</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/execdomains</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>execution domains</primary> <seealso> "
"<filename>/proc/execdomains</filename> </seealso>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>execution domains</primary> <secondary>definition of</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file lists the <firstterm>execution domains</firstterm> currently "
"supported by the Linux kernel, along with the range of personalities they "
"support."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"0-0   Linux           [kernel]\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Think of execution domains as the \"personality\" for an operating system. "
"Because other binary formats, such as Solaris, UnixWare, and FreeBSD, can be"
" used with Linux, programmers can change the way the operating system treats"
" system calls from these binaries by changing the personality of the task. "
"Except for the <computeroutput>PER_LINUX</computeroutput> execution domain, "
"different personalities can be implemented as dynamically loadable modules."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/fb</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/fb</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>frame buffer device</primary> <seealso> "
"<filename>/proc/fb</filename> </seealso>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file contains a list of frame buffer devices, with the frame buffer "
"device number and the driver that controls it. Typical output of "
"<filename>/proc/fb</filename> for systems which contain frame buffer devices"
" looks similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"0 VESA VGA\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/filesystems</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/filesystems</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file displays a list of the file system types currently supported by "
"the kernel. Sample output from a generic "
"<filename>/proc/filesystems</filename> file looks similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"nodev   sysfs\n"
"nodev   rootfs\n"
"nodev   bdev\n"
"nodev   proc\n"
"nodev   sockfs\n"
"nodev   binfmt_misc\n"
"nodev   usbfs\n"
"nodev   usbdevfs\n"
"nodev   futexfs\n"
"nodev   tmpfs\n"
"nodev   pipefs\n"
"nodev   eventpollfs\n"
"nodev   devpts\n"
"\text2\n"
"nodev   ramfs\n"
"nodev   hugetlbfs\n"
"\tiso9660\n"
"nodev   mqueue\n"
"\text3\n"
"nodev   rpc_pipefs\n"
"nodev   autofs\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first column signifies whether the file system is mounted on a block "
"device. Those beginning with <computeroutput>nodev</computeroutput> are not "
"mounted on a device. The second column lists the names of the file systems "
"supported."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <command>mount</command> command cycles through the file systems listed "
"here when one is not specified as an argument."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/interrupts</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/interrupts</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file records the number of interrupts per IRQ on the x86 architecture. "
"A standard <filename>/proc/interrupts</filename> looks similar to the "
"following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"  CPU0\n"
"  0:   80448940          XT-PIC  timer\n"
"  1:     174412          XT-PIC  keyboard\n"
"  2:          0          XT-PIC  cascade\n"
"  8:          1          XT-PIC  rtc\n"
" 10:     410964          XT-PIC  eth0\n"
" 12:      60330          XT-PIC  PS/2 Mouse\n"
" 14:    1314121          XT-PIC  ide0\n"
" 15:    5195422          XT-PIC  ide1\n"
"NMI:          0\n"
"ERR:          0\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "For a multi-processor machine, this file may look slightly different:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"\t   CPU0       CPU1\n"
"  0: 1366814704          0          XT-PIC  timer\n"
"  1:        128        340    IO-APIC-edge  keyboard\n"
"  2:          0          0          XT-PIC  cascade\n"
"  8:          0          1    IO-APIC-edge  rtc\n"
" 12:       5323       5793    IO-APIC-edge  PS/2 Mouse\n"
" 13:          1          0          XT-PIC  fpu\n"
" 16:   11184294   15940594   IO-APIC-level  Intel EtherExpress Pro 10/100 Ethernet\n"
" 20:    8450043   11120093   IO-APIC-level  megaraid\n"
" 30:      10432      10722   IO-APIC-level  aic7xxx\n"
" 31:         23         22   IO-APIC-level  aic7xxx\n"
"NMI:          0\n"
"ERR:          0\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first column refers to the IRQ number. Each CPU in the system has its "
"own column and its own number of interrupts per IRQ. The next column reports"
" the type of interrupt, and the last column contains the name of the device "
"that is located at that IRQ."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Each of the types of interrupts seen in this file, which are architecture-"
"specific, mean something different. For x86 machines, the following values "
"are common:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>XT-PIC</computeroutput> &mdash; This is the old AT computer "
"interrupts."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>IO-APIC-edge</computeroutput> &mdash; The voltage signal on "
"this interrupt transitions from low to high, creating an "
"<emphasis>edge</emphasis>, where the interrupt occurs and is only signaled "
"once. This kind of interrupt, as well as the <computeroutput>IO-APIC-"
"level</computeroutput> interrupt, are only seen on systems with processors "
"from the 586 family and higher."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>IO-APIC-level</computeroutput> &mdash; Generates interrupts "
"when its voltage signal is high until the signal is low again."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/iomem</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/iomem</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file shows you the current map of the system's memory for each physical"
" device:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"00000000-0009fbff : System RAM\n"
"0009fc00-0009ffff : reserved\n"
"000a0000-000bffff : Video RAM area\n"
"000c0000-000c7fff : Video ROM\n"
"000f0000-000fffff : System ROM\n"
"00100000-07ffffff : System RAM\n"
"00100000-00291ba8 : Kernel code\n"
"00291ba9-002e09cb : Kernel data\n"
"e0000000-e3ffffff : VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C597 [Apollo VP3] e4000000-e7ffffff : PCI Bus #01\n"
"e4000000-e4003fff : Matrox Graphics, Inc. MGA G200 AGP\n"
"e5000000-e57fffff : Matrox Graphics, Inc. MGA G200 AGP\n"
"e8000000-e8ffffff : PCI Bus #01\n"
"e8000000-e8ffffff : Matrox Graphics, Inc. MGA G200 AGP\n"
"ea000000-ea00007f : Digital Equipment Corporation DECchip 21140 [FasterNet]\n"
"ea000000-ea00007f : tulip ffff0000-ffffffff : reserved\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first column displays the memory registers used by each of the different"
" types of memory. The second column lists the kind of memory located within "
"those registers and displays which memory registers are used by the kernel "
"within the system RAM or, if the network interface card has multiple "
"Ethernet ports, the memory registers assigned for each port."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/ioports</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/ioports</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The output of <filename>/proc/ioports</filename> provides a list of "
"currently registered port regions used for input or output communication "
"with a device. This file can be quite long. The following is a partial "
"listing:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"0000-001f : dma1\n"
"0020-003f : pic1\n"
"0040-005f : timer\n"
"0060-006f : keyboard\n"
"0070-007f : rtc\n"
"0080-008f : dma page reg\n"
"00a0-00bf : pic2\n"
"00c0-00df : dma2\n"
"00f0-00ff : fpu\n"
"0170-0177 : ide1\n"
"01f0-01f7 : ide0\n"
"02f8-02ff : serial(auto)\n"
"0376-0376 : ide1\n"
"03c0-03df : vga+\n"
"03f6-03f6 : ide0\n"
"03f8-03ff : serial(auto)\n"
"0cf8-0cff : PCI conf1\n"
"d000-dfff : PCI Bus #01\n"
"e000-e00f : VIA Technologies, Inc. Bus Master IDE\n"
"e000-e007 : ide0\n"
"e008-e00f : ide1\n"
"e800-e87f : Digital Equipment Corporation DECchip 21140 [FasterNet]\n"
"e800-e87f : tulip\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first column gives the I/O port address range reserved for the device "
"listed in the second column."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/kcore</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/kcore</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file represents the physical memory of the system and is stored in the "
"core file format. Unlike most <filename>/proc/</filename> files, "
"<filename>kcore</filename> displays a size. This value is given in bytes and"
" is equal to the size of the physical memory (RAM) used plus 4 KB."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The contents of this file are designed to be examined by a debugger, such as"
" <command>gdb</command>, and is not human readable."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Caution"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Do not view the <filename>/proc/kcore</filename> virtual file. The contents "
"of the file scramble text output on the terminal. If this file is "
"accidentally viewed, press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> "
"<keycap>C</keycap> </keycombo> to stop the process and then type "
"<command>reset</command> to bring back the command line prompt."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/kmsg</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/kmsg</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file is used to hold messages generated by the kernel. These messages "
"are then picked up by other programs, such as <command>/sbin/klogd</command>"
" or <command>/bin/dmesg</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/loadavg</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/loadavg</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file provides a look at the load average in regard to both the CPU and "
"IO over time, as well as additional data used by <command>uptime</command> "
"and other commands. A sample <filename>/proc/loadavg</filename> file looks "
"similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"0.20 0.18 0.12 1/80 11206\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first three columns measure CPU and IO utilization of the last one, "
"five, and 15 minute periods. The fourth column shows the number of currently"
" running processes and the total number of processes. The last column "
"displays the last process ID used."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"In addition, load average also refers to the number of processes ready to "
"run (i.e. in the run queue, waiting for a CPU share."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/locks</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/locks</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file displays the files currently locked by the kernel. The contents of"
" this file contain internal kernel debugging data and can vary tremendously,"
" depending on the use of the system. A sample "
"<filename>/proc/locks</filename> file for a lightly loaded system looks "
"similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"1: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 3568 fd:00:2531452 0 EOF\n"
"2: FLOCK  ADVISORY  WRITE 3517 fd:00:2531448 0 EOF\n"
"3: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 3452 fd:00:2531442 0 EOF\n"
"4: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 3443 fd:00:2531440 0 EOF\n"
"5: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 3326 fd:00:2531430 0 EOF\n"
"6: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 3175 fd:00:2531425 0 EOF\n"
"7: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 3056 fd:00:2548663 0 EOF\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Each lock has its own line which starts with a unique number. The second "
"column refers to the class of lock used, with "
"<computeroutput>FLOCK</computeroutput> signifying the older-style UNIX file "
"locks from a <command>flock</command> system call and "
"<computeroutput>POSIX</computeroutput> representing the newer POSIX locks "
"from the <command>lockf</command> system call."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The third column can have two values: "
"<computeroutput>ADVISORY</computeroutput> or "
"<computeroutput>MANDATORY</computeroutput>. "
"<computeroutput>ADVISORY</computeroutput> means that the lock does not "
"prevent other people from accessing the data; it only prevents other "
"attempts to lock it. <computeroutput>MANDATORY</computeroutput> means that "
"no other access to the data is permitted while the lock is held. The fourth "
"column reveals whether the lock is allowing the holder "
"<computeroutput>READ</computeroutput> or "
"<computeroutput>WRITE</computeroutput> access to the file. The fifth column "
"shows the ID of the process holding the lock. The sixth column shows the ID "
"of the file being locked, in the format of <computeroutput><replaceable"
">MAJOR-DEVICE</replaceable>:<replaceable>MINOR-"
"DEVICE</replaceable>:<replaceable>INODE-NUMBER</replaceable> "
"</computeroutput>. The seventh and eighth column shows the start and end of "
"the file's locked region."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/mdstat</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/mdstat</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file contains the current information for multiple-disk, RAID "
"configurations. If the system does not contain such a configuration, then "
"<filename>/proc/mdstat</filename> looks similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Personalities :  read_ahead not set unused devices: &lt;none&gt;\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file remains in the same state as seen above unless a software RAID or "
"<filename>md</filename> device is present. In that case, view "
"<filename>/proc/mdstat</filename> to find the current status of "
"<filename>md<replaceable>X</replaceable> </filename> RAID devices."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/mdstat</filename> file below shows a system with its "
"<filename>md0</filename> configured as a RAID 1 device, while it is "
"currently re-syncing the disks:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Personalities : [linear] [raid1] read_ahead 1024 sectors\n"
"md0: active raid1 sda2[1] sdb2[0] 9940 blocks [2/2] [UU] resync=1% finish=12.3min algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]\n"
"unused devices: &lt;none&gt;\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/meminfo</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/meminfo</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This is one of the more commonly used files in the "
"<filename>/proc/</filename> directory, as it reports a large amount of "
"valuable information about the systems RAM usage."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The following sample <filename>/proc/meminfo</filename> virtual file is from"
" a system with 256 MB of RAM and 512 MB of swap space:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"MemTotal:       255908 kB\n"
"MemFree:         69936 kB\n"
"Buffers:         15812 kB\n"
"Cached:         115124 kB\n"
"SwapCached:          0 kB\n"
"Active:          92700 kB\n"
"Inactive:        63792 kB\n"
"HighTotal:           0 kB\n"
"HighFree:            0 kB\n"
"LowTotal:       255908 kB\n"
"LowFree:         69936 kB\n"
"SwapTotal:      524280 kB\n"
"SwapFree:       524280 kB\n"
"Dirty:               4 kB\n"
"Writeback:           0 kB\n"
"Mapped:          42236 kB\n"
"Slab:            25912 kB\n"
"Committed_AS:   118680 kB\n"
"PageTables:       1236 kB\n"
"VmallocTotal:  3874808 kB\n"
"VmallocUsed:      1416 kB\n"
"VmallocChunk:  3872908 kB\n"
"HugePages_Total:     0\n"
"HugePages_Free:      0\n"
"Hugepagesize:     4096 kB\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Much of the information here is used by the <command>free</command>, "
"<command>top</command>, and <command>ps</command> commands. In fact, the "
"output of the <command>free</command> command is similar in appearance to "
"the contents and structure of <filename>/proc/meminfo</filename>. But by "
"looking directly at <filename>/proc/meminfo</filename>, more details are "
"revealed:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>MemTotal</computeroutput> &mdash; Total amount of physical "
"RAM, in kilobytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>MemFree</computeroutput> &mdash; The amount of physical RAM,"
" in kilobytes, left unused by the system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Buffers</computeroutput> &mdash; The amount of physical RAM,"
" in kilobytes, used for file buffers."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Cached</computeroutput> &mdash; The amount of physical RAM, "
"in kilobytes, used as cache memory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>SwapCached</computeroutput> &mdash; The amount of swap, in "
"kilobytes, used as cache memory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Active</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of buffer "
"or page cache memory, in kilobytes, that is in active use. This is memory "
"that has been recently used and is usually not reclaimed for other purposes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Inactive</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of buffer"
" or page cache memory, in kilobytes, that are free and available. This is "
"memory that has not been recently used and can be reclaimed for other "
"purposes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>HighTotal</computeroutput> and "
"<computeroutput>HighFree</computeroutput> &mdash; The total and free amount "
"of memory, in kilobytes, that is not directly mapped into kernel space. The "
"<computeroutput>HighTotal</computeroutput> value can vary based on the type "
"of kernel used."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>LowTotal</computeroutput> and "
"<computeroutput>LowFree</computeroutput> &mdash; The total and free amount "
"of memory, in kilobytes, that is directly mapped into kernel space. The "
"<computeroutput>LowTotal</computeroutput> value can vary based on the type "
"of kernel used."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>SwapTotal</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of swap "
"available, in kilobytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>SwapFree</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of swap "
"free, in kilobytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Dirty</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of memory, "
"in kilobytes, waiting to be written back to the disk."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Writeback</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of "
"memory, in kilobytes, actively being written back to the disk."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Mapped</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of memory, "
"in kilobytes, which have been used to map devices, files, or libraries using"
" the <command>mmap</command> command."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Slab</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of memory, in"
" kilobytes, used by the kernel to cache data structures for its own use."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Committed_AS</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of "
"memory, in kilobytes, estimated to complete the workload. This value "
"represents the worst case scenario value, and also includes swap memory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>PageTables</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of "
"memory, in kilobytes, dedicated to the lowest page table level."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>VMallocTotal</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of "
"memory, in kilobytes, of total allocated virtual address space."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>VMallocUsed</computeroutput> &mdash; The total amount of "
"memory, in kilobytes, of used virtual address space."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>VMallocChunk</computeroutput> &mdash; The largest contiguous"
" block of memory, in kilobytes, of available virtual address space."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>HugePages_Total</computeroutput> &mdash; The total number of"
" hugepages for the system. The number is derived by dividing "
"<computeroutput>Hugepagesize</computeroutput> by the megabytes set aside for"
" hugepages specified in <filename>/proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_pool</filename>. "
"<emphasis>This statistic only appears on the x86, Itanium, and AMD64 "
"architectures.</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>HugePages_Free</computeroutput> &mdash; The total number of "
"hugepages available for the system. <emphasis>This statistic only appears on"
" the x86, Itanium, and AMD64 architectures.</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>Hugepagesize</computeroutput> &mdash; The size for each "
"hugepages unit in kilobytes. By default, the value is 4096 KB on "
"uniprocessor kernels for 32 bit architectures. For SMP, hugemem kernels, and"
" AMD64, the default is 2048 KB. For Itanium architectures, the default is "
"262144 KB. <emphasis>This statistic only appears on the x86, Itanium, and "
"AMD64 architectures.</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/misc</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/misc</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file lists miscellaneous drivers registered on the miscellaneous major "
"device, which is device number 10:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"63 device-mapper 175 agpgart 135 rtc 134 apm_bios\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first column is the minor number of each device, while the second column"
" shows the driver in use."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/modules</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/modules</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file displays a list of all modules loaded into the kernel. Its "
"contents vary based on the configuration and use of your system, but it "
"should be organized in a similar manner to this sample "
"<filename>/proc/modules</filename> file output:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This example has been reformatted into a readable format. Most of this "
"information can also be viewed via the <command>/sbin/lsmod</command> "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"nfs      170109  0 -          Live 0x129b0000\n"
"lockd    51593   1 nfs,       Live 0x128b0000\n"
"nls_utf8 1729    0 -          Live 0x12830000\n"
"vfat     12097   0 -          Live 0x12823000\n"
"fat      38881   1 vfat,      Live 0x1287b000\n"
"autofs4  20293   2 -          Live 0x1284f000\n"
"sunrpc   140453  3 nfs,lockd, Live 0x12954000\n"
"3c59x    33257   0 -          Live 0x12871000\n"
"uhci_hcd 28377   0 -          Live 0x12869000\n"
"md5      3777    1 -          Live 0x1282c000\n"
"ipv6     211845 16 -          Live 0x128de000\n"
"ext3     92585   2 -          Live 0x12886000\n"
"jbd      65625   1 ext3,      Live 0x12857000\n"
"dm_mod   46677   3 -          Live 0x12833000\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "The first column contains the name of the module."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "The second column refers to the memory size of the module, in bytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The third column lists how many instances of the module are currently "
"loaded. A value of zero represents an unloaded module."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The fourth column states if the module depends upon another module to be "
"present in order to function, and lists those other modules."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The fifth column lists what load state the module is in: "
"<command>Live</command>, <command>Loading</command>, or "
"<command>Unloading</command> are the only possible values."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The sixth column lists the current kernel memory offset for the loaded "
"module. This information can be useful for debugging purposes, or for "
"profiling tools such as <filename>oprofile</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/mounts</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/mounts</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "This file provides a list of all mounts in use by the system:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0\n"
"/proc /proc proc rw,nodiratime 0 0 none\n"
"/dev ramfs rw 0 0\n"
"/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 / ext3 rw 0 0\n"
"none /dev ramfs rw 0 0\n"
"/proc /proc proc rw,nodiratime 0 0\n"
"/sys /sys sysfs rw 0 0\n"
"none /dev/pts devpts rw 0 0\n"
"usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs rw 0 0\n"
"/dev/hda1 /boot ext3 rw 0 0\n"
"none /dev/shm tmpfs rw 0 0\n"
"none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw 0 0\n"
"sunrpc /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs rpc_pipefs rw 0 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The output found here is similar to the contents of "
"<filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, except that "
"<filename>/proc/mounts</filename> is more up-to-date."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first column specifies the device that is mounted, the second column "
"reveals the mount point, and the third column tells the file system type, "
"and the fourth column tells you if it is mounted read-only "
"(<computeroutput>ro</computeroutput>) or read-write "
"(<computeroutput>rw</computeroutput>). The fifth and sixth columns are dummy"
" values designed to match the format used in <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/mtrr</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/mtrr</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file refers to the current Memory Type Range Registers (MTRRs) in use "
"with the system. If the system architecture supports MTRRs, then the "
"<filename>/proc/mtrr</filename> file may look similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"reg00: base=0x00000000 (   0MB), size= 256MB: write-back, count=1\n"
"reg01: base=0xe8000000 (3712MB), size=  32MB: write-combining, count=1\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"MTRRs are used with the Intel P6 family of processors (Pentium II and "
"higher) and control processor access to memory ranges. When using a video "
"card on a PCI or AGP bus, a properly configured "
"<filename>/proc/mtrr</filename> file can increase performance more than "
"150%."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Most of the time, this value is properly configured by default. More "
"information on manually configuring this file can be found locally at the "
"following location:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>&lt;kernel_version&gt;</replaceable>/Documentation/<replaceable>&lt;arch&gt;</replaceable>/mtrr.txt"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/partitions</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/partitions</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file contains partition block allocation information. A sampling of "
"this file from a basic system looks similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"major minor  #blocks  name\n"
"  3     0   19531250 hda\n"
"  3     1     104391 hda1\n"
"  3     2   19422585 hda2\n"
"253     0   22708224 dm-0\n"
"253     1     524288 dm-1\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Most of the information here is of little importance to the user, except for"
" the following columns:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>major</computeroutput> &mdash; The major number of the "
"device with this partition. The major number in the "
"<filename>/proc/partitions</filename>, (<computeroutput>3</computeroutput>),"
" corresponds with the block device <computeroutput>ide0</computeroutput>, in"
" <filename>/proc/devices</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>minor</computeroutput> &mdash; The minor number of the "
"device with this partition. This serves to separate the partitions into "
"different physical devices and relates to the number at the end of the name "
"of the partition."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>#blocks</computeroutput> &mdash; Lists the number of "
"physical disk blocks contained in a particular partition."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>name</computeroutput> &mdash; The name of the partition."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/slabinfo</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/slabinfo</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>slab pools</primary> <see> <filename>/proc/slabinfo</filename> "
"</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file gives full information about memory usage on the "
"<firstterm>slab</firstterm> level. Linux kernels greater than version 2.2 "
"use <firstterm>slab pools</firstterm> to manage memory above the page level."
" Commonly used objects have their own slab pools."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Instead of parsing the highly verbose <filename>/proc/slabinfo</filename> "
"file manually, the <filename>/usr/bin/slabtop</filename> program displays "
"kernel slab cache information in real time. This program allows for custom "
"configurations, including column sorting and screen refreshing."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"A sample screen shot of <filename>/usr/bin/slabtop</filename> usually looks "
"like the following example:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Active / Total Objects (% used)    : 133629 / 147300 (90.7%)\n"
"Active / Total Slabs (% used)      : 11492 / 11493 (100.0%)\n"
"Active / Total Caches (% used)     : 77 / 121 (63.6%)\n"
"Active / Total Size (% used)       : 41739.83K / 44081.89K (94.7%)\n"
"Minimum / Average / Maximum Object : 0.01K / 0.30K / 128.00K\n"
"OBJS   ACTIVE USE      OBJ   SIZE     SLABS OBJ/SLAB CACHE SIZE NAME\n"
"44814  43159  96%    0.62K   7469      6     29876K ext3_inode_cache\n"
"36900  34614  93%    0.05K    492     75      1968K buffer_head\n"
"35213  33124  94%    0.16K   1531     23      6124K dentry_cache\n"
"7364   6463  87%    0.27K    526      14      2104K radix_tree_node\n"
"2585   1781  68%    0.08K     55      47       220K vm_area_struct\n"
"2263   2116  93%    0.12K     73      31       292K size-128\n"
"1904   1125  59%    0.03K     16      119        64K size-32\n"
"1666    768  46%    0.03K     14      119        56K anon_vma\n"
"1512   1482  98%    0.44K    168       9       672K inode_cache\n"
"1464   1040  71%    0.06K     24      61        96K size-64\n"
"1320    820  62%    0.19K     66      20       264K filp\n"
"678    587  86%    0.02K      3      226        12K dm_io\n"
"678    587  86%    0.02K      3      226        12K dm_tio\n"
"576    574  99%    0.47K     72        8       288K proc_inode_cache\n"
"528    514  97%    0.50K     66        8       264K size-512\n"
"492    372  75%    0.09K     12       41        48K bio\n"
"465    314  67%    0.25K     31       15       124K size-256\n"
"452    331  73%    0.02K      2      226         8K biovec-1\n"
"420    420 100%    0.19K     21       20        84K skbuff_head_cache\n"
"305    256  83%    0.06K      5       61        20K biovec-4\n"
"290      4   1%    0.01K      1      290         4K revoke_table\n"
"264    264 100%    4.00K    264        1      1056K size-4096\n"
"260    256  98%    0.19K     13       20        52K biovec-16\n"
"260    256  98%    0.75K     52        5       208K biovec-64\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Some of the more commonly used statistics in "
"<filename>/proc/slabinfo</filename> that are included into "
"<filename>/usr/bin/slabtop</filename> include:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>OBJS</computeroutput> &mdash; The total number of objects "
"(memory blocks), including those in use (allocated), and some spares not in "
"use."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>ACTIVE</computeroutput> &mdash; The number of objects "
"(memory blocks) that are in use (allocated)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>USE</computeroutput> &mdash; Percentage of total objects "
"that are active. ((ACTIVE/OBJS)(100))"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>OBJ SIZE</computeroutput> &mdash; The size of the objects."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>SLABS</computeroutput> &mdash; The total number of slabs."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>OBJ/SLAB</computeroutput> &mdash; The number of objects that"
" fit into a slab."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>CACHE SIZE</computeroutput> &mdash; The cache size of the "
"slab."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<computeroutput>NAME</computeroutput> &mdash; The name of the slab."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For more information on the <filename>/usr/bin/slabtop</filename> program, "
"refer to the <filename>slabtop</filename> man page."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/stat</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/stat</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid "<primary>epoch</primary> <secondary>definition of</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>epoch</primary> <seealso> <filename>/proc/stat</filename> "
"</seealso>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file keeps track of a variety of different statistics about the system "
"since it was last restarted. The contents of "
"<filename>/proc/stat</filename>, which can be quite long, usually begins "
"like the following example:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"cpu  259246 7001 60190 34250993 137517 772 0\n"
"cpu0 259246 7001 60190 34250993 137517 772 0\n"
"intr 354133732 347209999 2272 0 4 4 0 0 3 1 1249247 0 0 80143 0 422626 5169433\n"
"ctxt 12547729\n"
"btime 1093631447\n"
"processes 130523\n"
"procs_running 1\n"
"procs_blocked 0\n"
"preempt 5651840\n"
"cpu  209841 1554 21720 118519346 72939 154 27168\n"
"cpu0 42536 798 4841 14790880 14778 124 3117\n"
"cpu1 24184 569 3875 14794524 30209 29 3130\n"
"cpu2 28616 11 2182 14818198 4020 1 3493\n"
"cpu3 35350 6 2942 14811519 3045 0 3659\n"
"cpu4 18209 135 2263 14820076 12465 0 3373\n"
"cpu5 20795 35 1866 14825701 4508 0 3615\n"
"cpu6 21607 0 2201 14827053 2325 0 3334\n"
"cpu7 18544 0 1550 14831395 1589 0 3447\n"
"intr 15239682 14857833 6 0 6 6 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 29 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 94982 0 286812\n"
"ctxt 4209609\n"
"btime 1078711415\n"
"processes 21905\n"
"procs_running 1\n"
"procs_blocked 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Some of the more commonly used statistics include:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>cpu</computeroutput> &mdash; Measures the number of "
"<firstterm>jiffies</firstterm> (1/100 of a second for x86 systems) that the "
"system has been in user mode, user mode with low priority (nice), system "
"mode, idle task, I/O wait, IRQ (hardirq), and softirq respectively. The IRQ "
"(hardirq) is the direct response to a hardware event. The IRQ takes minimal "
"work for queuing the \"heavy\" work up for the softirq to execute. The "
"softirq runs at a lower priority than the IRQ and therefore may be "
"interrupted more frequently. The total for all CPUs is given at the top, "
"while each individual CPU is listed below with its own statistics. The "
"following example is a 4-way Intel Pentium Xeon configuration with multi-"
"threading enabled, therefore showing four physical processors and four "
"virtual processors totaling eight processors."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>page</computeroutput> &mdash; The number of memory pages the"
" system has written in and out to disk."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>swap</computeroutput> &mdash; The number of swap pages the "
"system has brought in and out."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>intr</computeroutput> &mdash; The number of interrupts the "
"system has experienced."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>btime</computeroutput> &mdash; The boot time, measured in "
"the number of seconds since January 1, 1970, otherwise known as the "
"<firstterm>epoch</firstterm>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/swaps</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/swaps</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file measures swap space and its utilization. For a system with only "
"one swap partition, the output of <filename>/proc/swaps</filename> may look "
"similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Filename                          Type        Size     Used    Priority\n"
"/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol01   partition   524280   0       -1\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"While some of this information can be found in other files in the "
"<filename>/proc/</filename> directory, <filename>/proc/swap</filename> "
"provides a snapshot of every swap file name, the type of swap space, the "
"total size, and the amount of space in use (in kilobytes). The priority "
"column is useful when multiple swap files are in use. The lower the "
"priority, the more likely the swap file is to be used."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/sysrq-trigger</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sysrq-trigger</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Using the <command>echo</command> command to write to this file, a remote "
"root user can execute most System Request Key commands remotely as if at the"
" local terminal. To <command>echo</command> values to this file, the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq</filename> must be set to a value other "
"than <computeroutput>0</computeroutput>. For more information about the "
"System Request Key, refer to <xref linkend=\"s3-proc-sys-kernel\" />."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Although it is possible to write to this file, it cannot be read, even by "
"the root user."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/uptime</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/uptime</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file contains information detailing how long the system has been on "
"since its last restart. The output of <filename>/proc/uptime</filename> is "
"quite minimal:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"350735.47 234388.90\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first number is the total number of seconds the system has been up. The "
"second number is how much of that time the machine has spent idle, in "
"seconds."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/version</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/version</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file specifies the version of the Linux kernel, the version of "
"<command>gcc</command> used to compile the kernel, and the time of kernel "
"compilation. It also contains the kernel compiler's user name (in "
"parentheses)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Linux version 2.6.8-1.523 (user@foo.redhat.com) (gcc version 3.4.1 20040714 \\  (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.4.1-7)) #1 Mon Aug 16 13:27:03 EDT 2004\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This information is used for a variety of purposes, including the version "
"data presented when a user logs in."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Directories within <filename>/proc/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> "
"<secondary>subdirectories within</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Common groups of information concerning the kernel are grouped into "
"directories and subdirectories within the <filename>/proc/</filename> "
"directory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Process Directories"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary>process"
" directories</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Every <filename>/proc/</filename> directory contains a number of directories"
" with numerical names. A listing of them may be similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x    3 root     root            0 Feb 13 01:28 1\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x    3 root     root            0 Feb 13 01:28 1010\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x    3 xfs      xfs             0 Feb 13 01:28 1087\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x    3 daemon   daemon          0 Feb 13 01:28 1123\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x    3 root     root            0 Feb 13 01:28 11307\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x    3 apache   apache          0 Feb 13 01:28 13660\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x    3 rpc      rpc             0 Feb 13 01:28 637\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x    3 rpcuser  rpcuser         0 Feb 13 01:28 666\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"These directories are called <firstterm>process directories</firstterm>, as "
"they are named after a program's process ID and contain information specific"
" to that process. The owner and group of each process directory is set to "
"the user running the process. When the process is terminated, its "
"<filename>/proc/</filename> process directory vanishes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Each process directory contains the following files:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>cmdline</computeroutput> &mdash; Contains the command issued"
" when starting the process."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>cwd</computeroutput> &mdash; A symbolic link to the current "
"working directory for the process."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>environ</computeroutput> &mdash; A list of the environment "
"variables for the process. The environment variable is given in all upper-"
"case characters, and the value is in lower-case characters."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>exe</computeroutput> &mdash; A symbolic link to the "
"executable of this process."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>fd</computeroutput> &mdash; A directory containing all of "
"the file descriptors for a particular process. These are given in numbered "
"links:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"total 0\n"
"lrwx------    1 root     root           64 May  8 11:31 0 -&gt; /dev/null\n"
"lrwx------    1 root     root           64 May  8 11:31 1 -&gt; /dev/null\n"
"lrwx------    1 root     root           64 May  8 11:31 2 -&gt; /dev/null\n"
"lrwx------    1 root     root           64 May  8 11:31 3 -&gt; /dev/ptmx\n"
"lrwx------    1 root     root           64 May  8 11:31 4 -&gt; socket:[7774817]\n"
"lrwx------    1 root     root           64 May  8 11:31 5 -&gt; /dev/ptmx\n"
"lrwx------    1 root     root           64 May  8 11:31 6 -&gt; socket:[7774829]\n"
"lrwx------    1 root     root           64 May  8 11:31 7 -&gt; /dev/ptmx\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>maps</computeroutput> &mdash; A list of memory maps to the "
"various executables and library files associated with this process. This "
"file can be rather long, depending upon the complexity of the process, but "
"sample output from the <command>sshd</command> process begins like the "
"following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"08048000-08086000 r-xp 00000000 03:03 391479     /usr/sbin/sshd\n"
"08086000-08088000 rw-p 0003e000 03:03 391479\t/usr/sbin/sshd\n"
"08088000-08095000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0\n"
"40000000-40013000 r-xp 0000000 03:03 293205\t/lib/ld-2.2.5.so\n"
"40013000-40014000 rw-p 00013000 03:03 293205\t/lib/ld-2.2.5.so\n"
"40031000-40038000 r-xp 00000000 03:03 293282\t/lib/libpam.so.0.75\n"
"40038000-40039000 rw-p 00006000 03:03 293282\t/lib/libpam.so.0.75\n"
"40039000-4003a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0\n"
"4003a000-4003c000 r-xp 00000000 03:03 293218\t/lib/libdl-2.2.5.so\n"
"4003c000-4003d000 rw-p 00001000 03:03 293218\t/lib/libdl-2.2.5.so\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>mem</computeroutput> &mdash; The memory held by the process."
" This file cannot be read by the user."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>root</computeroutput> &mdash; A link to the root directory "
"of the process."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>stat</computeroutput> &mdash; The status of the process."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>statm</computeroutput> &mdash; The status of the memory in "
"use by the process. Below is a sample <filename>/proc/statm</filename> file:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"263 210 210 5 0 205 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The seven columns relate to different memory statistics for the process. "
"From left to right, they report the following aspects of the memory used:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Total program size, in kilobytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Size of memory portions, in kilobytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Number of pages that are shared."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Number of pages that are code."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Number of pages of data/stack."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Number of library pages."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Number of dirty pages."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>status</computeroutput> &mdash; The status of the process in"
" a more readable form than <filename>stat</filename> or "
"<filename>statm</filename>. Sample output for <command>sshd</command> looks "
"similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Name:\tsshd\n"
"State:\tS (sleeping)\n"
"Tgid:\t797\n"
"Pid:\t797\n"
"PPid:\t1\n"
"TracerPid:\t0\n"
"Uid:\t0\t0\t0\t0\n"
"Gid:\t0\t0\t0\t0\n"
"FDSize:\t32\n"
"Groups:\n"
"VmSize:\t    3072 kB\n"
"VmLck:\t       0 kB\n"
"VmRSS:\t     840 kB\n"
"VmData:\t     104 kB\n"
"VmStk:\t      12 kB\n"
"VmExe:\t     300 kB\n"
"VmLib:\t    2528 kB\n"
"SigPnd:\t0000000000000000\n"
"SigBlk:\t0000000000000000\n"
"SigIgn:\t8000000000001000\n"
"SigCgt:\t0000000000014005\n"
"CapInh:\t0000000000000000\n"
"CapPrm:\t00000000fffffeff\n"
"CapEff:\t00000000fffffeff\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The information in this output includes the process name and ID, the state "
"(such as <computeroutput>S (sleeping)</computeroutput> or <computeroutput>R "
"(running)</computeroutput>), user/group ID running the process, and detailed"
" data regarding memory usage."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/self/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/self/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/self/</filename> directory is a link to the currently "
"running process. This allows a process to look at itself without having to "
"know its process ID."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Within a shell environment, a listing of the "
"<filename>/proc/self/</filename> directory produces the same contents as "
"listing the process directory for that process."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/bus/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/bus/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory contains information specific to the various buses available "
"on the system. For example, on a standard system containing PCI and USB "
"buses, current data on each of these buses is available within a "
"subdirectory within <filename>/proc/bus/</filename> by the same name, such "
"as <filename>/proc/bus/pci/</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The subdirectories and files available within "
"<filename>/proc/bus/</filename> vary depending on the devices connected to "
"the system. However, each bus type has at least one directory. Within these "
"bus directories are normally at least one subdirectory with a numerical "
"name, such as <filename>001</filename>, which contain binary files."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For example, the <filename>/proc/bus/usb/</filename> subdirectory contains "
"files that track the various devices on any USB buses, as well as the "
"drivers required for them. The following is a sample listing of a "
"<filename>/proc/bus/usb/</filename> directory:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"total 0 dr-xr-xr-x    1 root     root            0 May  3 16:25 001\n"
"-r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 May  3 16:25 devices\n"
"-r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 May  3 16:25 drivers\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/bus/usb/001/</filename> directory contains all devices "
"on the first USB bus and the <filename>devices</filename> file identifies "
"the USB root hub on the motherboard."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The following is a example of a <filename>/proc/bus/usb/devices</filename> "
"file:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"T:  Bus=01 Lev=00 Prnt=00 Port=00 Cnt=00 Dev#=  1 Spd=12  MxCh= 2\n"
"B:  Alloc=  0/900 us ( 0%), #Int=  0, #Iso=  0\n"
"D:  Ver= 1.00 Cls=09(hub  ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs=  1\n"
"P:  Vendor=0000 ProdID=0000 Rev= 0.00\n"
"S:  Product=USB UHCI Root Hub\n"
"S:  SerialNumber=d400\n"
"C:* #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=40 MxPwr=  0mA\n"
"I:  If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=09(hub  ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=hub\n"
"E:  Ad=81(I) Atr=03(Int.) MxPS=   8 Ivl=255ms\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/bus/pci</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/bus/pci</filename> </secondary> <tertiary>viewing using "
"<command>lspci</command> </tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid "<primary> <command>lspci</command> </primary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Later versions of the 2.6 Linux kernel have obsoleted the "
"<filename>/proc/pci</filename> directory in favor of the "
"<filename>/proc/bus/pci</filename> directory. Although you can get a list of"
" all PCI devices present on the system using the command <command>cat "
"/proc/bus/pci/devices</command>, the output is difficult to read and "
"interpret."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "For a human-readable list of PCI devices, run the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"~]# <command>/sbin/lspci -vb</command>\n"
"00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82X38/X48 Express DRAM Controller\n"
"        Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 1308\n"
"        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0\n"
"        Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information &lt;?&gt;\n"
"        Kernel driver in use: x38_edac\n"
"        Kernel modules: x38_edac\n"
"\n"
"00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82X38/X48 Express Host-Primary PCI Express Bridge (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])\n"
"        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0\n"
"        Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=0\n"
"        I/O behind bridge: 00001000-00001fff\n"
"        Memory behind bridge: f0000000-f2ffffff\n"
"        Capabilities: [88] Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 1308\n"
"        Capabilities: [80] Power Management version 3\n"
"        Capabilities: [90] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-\n"
"        Capabilities: [a0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00\n"
"        Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel &lt;?&gt;\n"
"        Capabilities: [140] Root Complex Link &lt;?&gt;\n"
"        Kernel driver in use: pcieport\n"
"        Kernel modules: shpchp\n"
"\n"
"00:1a.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [UHCI])\n"
"        Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 1308\n"
"        Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 5\n"
"        I/O ports at 2100\n"
"        Capabilities: [50] PCI Advanced Features\n"
"        Kernel driver in use: uhci_hcd\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: lineannotation
#, no-c-format
msgid "[output truncated]"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"      "
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The output is a sorted list of all IRQ numbers and addresses as seen by the "
"cards on the PCI bus instead of as seen by the kernel. Beyond providing the "
"name and version of the device, this list also gives detailed IRQ "
"information so an administrator can quickly look for conflicts."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/driver/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/driver/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory contains information for specific drivers in use by the "
"kernel."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"A common file found here is <filename>rtc</filename> which provides output "
"from the driver for the system's <firstterm>Real Time Clock "
"(RTC)</firstterm>, the device that keeps the time while the system is "
"switched off. Sample output from <filename>/proc/driver/rtc</filename> looks"
" like the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"rtc_time        : 16:21:00\n"
"rtc_date        : 2004-08-31\n"
"rtc_epoch       : 1900\n"
"alarm           : 21:16:27\n"
"DST_enable      : no\n"
"BCD             : yes\n"
"24hr            : yes\n"
"square_wave     : no\n"
"alarm_IRQ       : no\n"
"update_IRQ      : no\n"
"periodic_IRQ    : no\n"
"periodic_freq   : 1024\n"
"batt_status     : okay\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For more information about the RTC, refer to the following installed "
"documentation:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>&lt;kernel_version&gt;</replaceable>/Documentation/rtc.txt</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/fs</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/fs/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory shows which file systems are exported. If running an NFS "
"server, typing <command>cat /proc/fs/nfsd/exports</command> displays the "
"file systems being shared and the permissions granted for those file "
"systems. For more on file system sharing with NFS, refer to the <citetitle "
"pubwork=\"chapter\">Network File System (NFS)</citetitle> chapter of the "
"<citetitle>Storage Administration Guide</citetitle>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/irq/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/irq/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory is used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, which allows the system "
"to connect a particular IRQ to only one CPU. Alternatively, it can exclude a"
" CPU from handling any IRQs."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Each IRQ has its own directory, allowing for the individual configuration of"
" each IRQ. The <filename>/proc/irq/prof_cpu_mask</filename> file is a "
"bitmask that contains the default values for the "
"<filename>smp_affinity</filename> file in the IRQ directory. The values in "
"<filename>smp_affinity</filename> specify which CPUs handle that particular "
"IRQ."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For more information about the <filename>/proc/irq/</filename> directory, "
"refer to the following installed documentation:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/net/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/net/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory provides a comprehensive look at various networking "
"parameters and statistics. Each directory and virtual file within this "
"directory describes aspects of the system's network configuration. Below is "
"a partial list of the <filename>/proc/net/</filename> directory:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>arp</filename> &mdash; Lists the kernel's ARP table. This file is "
"particularly useful for connecting a hardware address to an IP address on a "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>atm/</filename> directory &mdash; The files within this directory "
"contain <firstterm>Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)</firstterm> settings and"
" statistics. This directory is primarily used with ATM networking and ADSL "
"cards."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>dev</filename> &mdash; Lists the various network devices "
"configured on the system, complete with transmit and receive statistics. "
"This file displays the number of bytes each interface has sent and received,"
" the number of packets inbound and outbound, the number of errors seen, the "
"number of packets dropped, and more."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>dev_mcast</filename> &mdash; Lists Layer2 multicast groups on "
"which each device is listening."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>igmp</filename> &mdash; Lists the IP multicast addresses which "
"this system joined."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ip_conntrack</filename> &mdash; Lists tracked network connections "
"for machines that are forwarding IP connections."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ip_tables_names</filename> &mdash; Lists the types of "
"<command>iptables</command> in use. This file is only present if "
"<command>iptables</command> is active on the system and contains one or more"
" of the following values: <filename>filter</filename>, "
"<filename>mangle</filename>, or <filename>nat</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ip_mr_cache</filename> &mdash; Lists the multicast routing cache."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ip_mr_vif</filename> &mdash; Lists multicast virtual interfaces."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>netstat</filename> &mdash; Contains a broad yet detailed "
"collection of networking statistics, including TCP timeouts, SYN cookies "
"sent and received, and much more."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>psched</filename> &mdash; Lists global packet scheduler "
"parameters."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>raw</filename> &mdash; Lists raw device statistics."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>route</filename> &mdash; Lists the kernel's routing table."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>rt_cache</filename> &mdash; Contains the current routing cache."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>snmp</filename> &mdash; List of Simple Network Management Protocol"
" (SNMP) data for various networking protocols in use."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>sockstat</filename> &mdash; Provides socket statistics."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>tcp</filename> &mdash; Contains detailed TCP socket information."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>tr_rif</filename> &mdash; Lists the token ring RIF routing table."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>udp</filename> &mdash; Contains detailed UDP socket information."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>unix</filename> &mdash; Lists UNIX domain sockets currently in "
"use."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>wireless</filename> &mdash; Lists wireless interface data."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/scsi/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/scsi/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The primary file in this directory is <filename>/proc/scsi/scsi</filename>, "
"which contains a list of every recognized SCSI device. From this listing, "
"the type of device, as well as the model name, vendor, SCSI channel and ID "
"data is available."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For example, if a system contains a SCSI CD-ROM, a tape drive, a hard drive,"
" and a RAID controller, this file looks similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Attached devices:\n"
"Host: scsi1\n"
"Channel: 00\n"
"Id: 05\n"
"Lun: 00\n"
"Vendor: NEC\n"
"Model: CD-ROM DRIVE:466\n"
"Rev: 1.06\n"
"Type:   CD-ROM\n"
"ANSI SCSI revision: 02\n"
"Host: scsi1\n"
"Channel: 00\n"
"Id: 06\n"
"Lun: 00\n"
"Vendor: ARCHIVE\n"
"Model: Python 04106-XXX\n"
"Rev: 7350\n"
"Type:   Sequential-Access\n"
"ANSI SCSI revision: 02\n"
"Host: scsi2\n"
"Channel: 00\n"
"Id: 06\n"
"Lun: 00\n"
"Vendor: DELL\n"
"Model: 1x6 U2W SCSI BP\n"
"Rev: 5.35\n"
"Type:   Processor\n"
"ANSI SCSI revision: 02\n"
"Host: scsi2\n"
"Channel: 02\n"
"Id: 00\n"
"Lun: 00\n"
"Vendor: MegaRAID\n"
"Model: LD0 RAID5 34556R\n"
"Rev: 1.01\n"
"Type:   Direct-Access\n"
"ANSI SCSI revision: 02\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Each SCSI driver used by the system has its own directory within "
"<filename>/proc/scsi/</filename>, which contains files specific to each SCSI"
" controller using that driver. From the previous example, "
"<filename>aic7xxx/</filename> and <filename>megaraid/</filename> directories"
" are present, since two drivers are in use. The files in each of the "
"directories typically contain an I/O address range, IRQ information, and "
"statistics for the SCSI controller using that driver. Each controller can "
"report a different type and amount of information. The Adaptec AIC-7880 "
"Ultra SCSI host adapter's file in this example system produces the following"
" output:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"Adaptec AIC7xxx driver version: 5.1.20/3.2.4\n"
"Compile Options:\n"
"TCQ Enabled By Default : Disabled\n"
"AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS     : Enabled\n"
"AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY    : 5\n"
"Adapter Configuration:\n"
"SCSI Adapter: Adaptec AIC-7880 Ultra SCSI host adapter\n"
"Ultra Narrow Controller     PCI MMAPed\n"
"I/O Base: 0xfcffe000\n"
"Adapter SEEPROM Config: SEEPROM found and used.\n"
"Adaptec SCSI BIOS: Enabled\n"
"IRQ: 30\n"
"SCBs: Active 0, Max Active 1, Allocated 15, HW 16, Page 255\n"
"Interrupts: 33726\n"
"BIOS Control Word: 0x18a6\n"
"Adapter Control Word: 0x1c5f\n"
"Extended Translation: Enabled\n"
"Disconnect Enable Flags: 0x00ff\n"
"Ultra Enable Flags: 0x0020\n"
"Tag Queue Enable Flags: 0x0000\n"
"Ordered Queue Tag Flags: 0x0000\n"
"Default Tag Queue Depth: 8\n"
"Tagged Queue By Device array for aic7xxx\n"
"host instance 1:       {255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255}\n"
"Actual queue depth per device for aic7xxx host instance 1:       {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}\n"
"Statistics:\n"
"\n"
"(scsi1:0:5:0) Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 20.0 MByte/sec, offset 15\n"
"Transinfo settings: current(12/15/0/0), goal(12/15/0/0), user(12/15/0/0)\n"
"Total transfers 0 (0 reads and 0 writes)\n"
"\t\t&lt; 2K      2K+     4K+     8K+    16K+    32K+    64K+   128K+\n"
"Reads:        0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0\n"
"Writes:       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0\n"
"\n"
"(scsi1:0:6:0) Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 10.0 MByte/sec, offset 15\n"
"Transinfo settings: current(25/15/0/0), goal(12/15/0/0), user(12/15/0/0)\n"
"Total transfers 132 (0 reads and 132 writes)\n"
"\t\t&lt; 2K      2K+     4K+     8K+    16K+    32K+    64K+   128K+\n"
"Reads:        0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0\n"
"Writes:       0       0       0       1     131       0       0       0\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This output reveals the transfer speed to the SCSI devices connected to the "
"controller based on channel ID, as well as detailed statistics concerning "
"the amount and sizes of files read or written by that device. For example, "
"this controller is communicating with the CD-ROM at 20 megabytes per second,"
" while the tape drive is only communicating at 10 megabytes per second."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/sys/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid "<primary>system request key</primary> <secondary>enabling</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary> "
"<tertiary>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq</tertiary> <see>system request key</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>System Request Key</primary> <secondary>definition of</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid "<primary>SysRq</primary> <see>system request key</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory is different from others in "
"<filename>/proc/</filename> because it not only provides information about "
"the system but also allows the system administrator to immediately enable "
"and disable kernel features."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Use caution when changing settings on a production system using the various "
"files in the <filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory. Changing the wrong "
"setting may render the kernel unstable, requiring a system reboot."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For this reason, be sure the options are valid for that file before "
"attempting to change any value in <filename>/proc/sys/</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"A good way to determine if a particular file can be configured, or if it is "
"only designed to provide information, is to list it with the "
"<option>-l</option> option at the shell prompt. If the file is writable, it "
"may be used to configure the kernel. For example, a partial listing of "
"<filename>/proc/sys/fs</filename> looks like the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"-r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 May 10 16:14 dentry-state\n"
"-rw-r--r--    1 root     root            0 May 10 16:14 dir-notify-enable\n"
"-rw-r--r--    1 root     root            0 May 10 16:14 file-max\n"
"-r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 May 10 16:14 file-nr\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"In this listing, the files <filename>dir-notify-enable</filename> and "
"<filename>file-max</filename> can be written to and, therefore, can be used "
"to configure the kernel. The other files only provide feedback on current "
"settings."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Changing a value within a <filename>/proc/sys/</filename> file is done by "
"echoing the new value into the file. For example, to enable the System "
"Request Key on a running kernel, type the command:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This changes the value for <filename>sysrq</filename> from "
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput> (off) to "
"<computeroutput>1</computeroutput> (on)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"A few <filename>/proc/sys/</filename> configuration files contain more than "
"one value. To correctly send new values to them, place a space character "
"between each value passed with the <command>echo</command> command, such as "
"is done in this example:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"echo 4 2 45 &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/acct\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Any configuration changes made using the <command>echo</command> command "
"disappear when the system is restarted. To make configuration changes take "
"effect after the system is rebooted, refer to <xref linkend=\"s1-proc-"
"sysctl\" />."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory contains several "
"subdirectories controlling different aspects of a running kernel."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/sys/dev/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary> <tertiary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/dev/</filename> directory</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory provides parameters for particular devices on the system. "
"Most systems have at least two directories, <filename>cdrom/</filename> and "
"<filename>raid/</filename>. Customized kernels can have other directories, "
"such as <filename>parport/</filename>, which provides the ability to share "
"one parallel port between multiple device drivers."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>cdrom/</filename> directory contains a file called "
"<filename>info</filename>, which reveals a number of important CD-ROM "
"parameters:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"CD-ROM information, Id: cdrom.c 3.20 2003/12/17\n"
"drive name:             hdc\n"
"drive speed:            48\n"
"drive # of slots:       1\n"
"Can close tray:         1\n"
"Can open tray:          1\n"
"Can lock tray:          1\n"
"Can change speed:       1\n"
"Can select disk:        0\n"
"Can read multisession:  1\n"
"Can read MCN:           1\n"
"Reports media changed:  1\n"
"Can play audio:         1\n"
"Can write CD-R:         0\n"
"Can write CD-RW:        0\n"
"Can read DVD:           0\n"
"Can write DVD-R:        0\n"
"Can write DVD-RAM:      0\n"
"Can read MRW:           0\n"
"Can write MRW:          0\n"
"Can write RAM:          0\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This file can be quickly scanned to discover the qualities of an unknown CD-"
"ROM. If multiple CD-ROMs are available on a system, each device is given its"
" own column of information."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Various files in <filename>/proc/sys/dev/cdrom</filename>, such as "
"<filename>autoclose</filename> and <filename>checkmedia</filename>, can be "
"used to control the system's CD-ROM. Use the <command>echo</command> command"
" to enable or disable these features."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"If RAID support is compiled into the kernel, a "
"<filename>/proc/sys/dev/raid/</filename> directory becomes available with at"
" least two files in it: <filename>speed_limit_min</filename> and "
"<filename>speed_limit_max</filename>. These settings determine the "
"acceleration of RAID devices for I/O intensive tasks, such as resyncing the "
"disks."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/sys/fs/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary> <tertiary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/fs/</filename> directory</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory contains an array of options and information concerning "
"various aspects of the file system, including quota, file handle, inode, and"
" dentry information."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>binfmt_misc/</filename> directory is used to provide kernel "
"support for miscellaneous binary formats."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "The important files in <filename>/proc/sys/fs/</filename> include:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>dentry-state</filename> &mdash; Provides the status of the "
"directory cache. The file looks similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"57411\t52939\t45\t0\t0\t0\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first number reveals the total number of directory cache entries, while "
"the second number displays the number of unused entries. The third number "
"tells the number of seconds between when a directory has been freed and when"
" it can be reclaimed, and the fourth measures the pages currently requested "
"by the system. The last two numbers are not used and display only zeros."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>file-max</filename> &mdash; Lists the maximum number of file "
"handles that the kernel allocates. Raising the value in this file can "
"resolve errors caused by a lack of available file handles."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>file-nr</filename> &mdash; Lists the number of allocated file "
"handles, used file handles, and the maximum number of file handles."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>overflowgid</filename> and <filename>overflowuid</filename> "
"&mdash; Defines the fixed group ID and user ID, respectively, for use with "
"file systems that only support 16-bit group and user IDs."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/sys/kernel/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary> <tertiary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/kernel/</filename> directory</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>System Request Key</primary> <secondary>setting timing "
"for</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>exec-shield</filename> </primary> "
"<secondary>enabling</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>exec-shield</filename> </primary> "
"<secondary>introducing</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary> <tertiary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/kernel/exec-shield</filename> </tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory contains a variety of different configuration files that "
"directly affect the operation of the kernel. Some of the most important "
"files include:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>acct</filename> &mdash; Controls the suspension of process "
"accounting based on the percentage of free space available on the file "
"system containing the log. By default, the file looks like the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"4\t2\t30\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The first value dictates the percentage of free space required for logging "
"to resume, while the second value sets the threshold percentage of free "
"space when logging is suspended. The third value sets the interval, in "
"seconds, that the kernel polls the file system to see if logging should be "
"suspended or resumed."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ctrl-alt-del</filename> &mdash; Controls whether "
"<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> <keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>Delete</keycap>"
" </keycombo> gracefully restarts the computer using <command>init</command> "
"(<computeroutput>0</computeroutput>) or forces an immediate reboot without "
"syncing the dirty buffers to disk (<computeroutput>1</computeroutput>)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>domainname</filename> &mdash; Configures the system domain name, "
"such as <computeroutput>example.com</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>exec-shield</filename> &mdash; Configures the Exec Shield feature "
"of the kernel. Exec Shield provides protection against certain types of "
"buffer overflow attacks."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "There are two possible values for this virtual file:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<command>0</command> &mdash; Disables Exec Shield."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>1</command> &mdash; Enables Exec Shield. This is the default value."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Important"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"If a system is running security-sensitive applications that were started "
"while Exec Shield was disabled, these applications must be restarted when "
"Exec Shield is enabled in order for Exec Shield to take effect."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>hostname</filename> &mdash; Configures the system hostname, such "
"as <computeroutput>www.example.com</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>hotplug</filename> &mdash; Configures the utility to be used when "
"a configuration change is detected by the system. This is primarily used "
"with USB and Cardbus PCI. The default value of "
"<computeroutput>/sbin/hotplug</computeroutput> should not be changed unless "
"testing a new program to fulfill this role."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>modprobe</filename> &mdash; Sets the location of the program used "
"to load kernel modules. The default value is "
"<computeroutput>/sbin/modprobe</computeroutput> which means "
"<command>kmod</command> calls it to load the module when a kernel thread "
"calls <command>kmod</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>msgmax</filename> &mdash; Sets the maximum size of any message "
"sent from one process to another and is set to "
"<computeroutput>8192</computeroutput> bytes by default. Be careful when "
"raising this value, as queued messages between processes are stored in non-"
"swappable kernel memory. Any increase in <filename>msgmax</filename> would "
"increase RAM requirements for the system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>msgmnb</filename> &mdash; Sets the maximum number of bytes in a "
"single message queue. The default is <computeroutput>16384</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>msgmni</filename> &mdash; Sets the maximum number of message queue"
" identifiers. The default is <computeroutput>4008</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>osrelease</filename> &mdash; Lists the Linux kernel release "
"number. This file can only be altered by changing the kernel source and "
"recompiling."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ostype</filename> &mdash; Displays the type of operating system. "
"By default, this file is set to <computeroutput>Linux</computeroutput>, and "
"this value can only be changed by changing the kernel source and "
"recompiling."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>overflowgid</filename> and <filename>overflowuid</filename> "
"&mdash; Defines the fixed group ID and user ID, respectively, for use with "
"system calls on architectures that only support 16-bit group and user IDs."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>panic</filename> &mdash; Defines the number of seconds the kernel "
"postpones rebooting when the system experiences a kernel panic. By default, "
"the value is set to <computeroutput>0</computeroutput>, which disables "
"automatic rebooting after a panic."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>printk</filename> &mdash; This file controls a variety of settings"
" related to printing or logging error messages. Each error message reported "
"by the kernel has a <firstterm>loglevel</firstterm> associated with it that "
"defines the importance of the message. The loglevel values break down in "
"this order:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput> &mdash; Kernel emergency. The system is "
"unusable."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>1</computeroutput> &mdash; Kernel alert. Action must be "
"taken immediately."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>2</computeroutput> &mdash; Condition of the kernel is "
"considered critical."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>3</computeroutput> &mdash; General kernel error condition."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>4</computeroutput> &mdash; General kernel warning condition."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>5</computeroutput> &mdash; Kernel notice of a normal but "
"significant condition."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>6</computeroutput> &mdash; Kernel informational message."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>7</computeroutput> &mdash; Kernel debug-level messages."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "Four values are found in the <filename>printk</filename> file:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"6     4     1     7\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Each of these values defines a different rule for dealing with error "
"messages. The first value, called the <firstterm>console "
"loglevel</firstterm>, defines the lowest priority of messages printed to the"
" console. (Note that, the lower the priority, the higher the loglevel "
"number.) The second value sets the default loglevel for messages without an "
"explicit loglevel attached to them. The third value sets the lowest possible"
" loglevel configuration for the console loglevel. The last value sets the "
"default value for the console loglevel."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>random/</filename> directory &mdash; Lists a number of values "
"related to generating random numbers for the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>sem</filename> &mdash; Configures <firstterm>semaphore</firstterm>"
" settings within the kernel. A semaphore is a System V IPC object that is "
"used to control utilization of a particular process."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>shmall</filename> &mdash; Sets the total amount of shared memory "
"that can be used at one time on the system, in bytes. By default, this value"
" is <computeroutput>2097152</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>shmmax</filename> &mdash; Sets the largest shared memory segment "
"size allowed by the kernel, in bytes. By default, this value is "
"<computeroutput>33554432</computeroutput>. However, the kernel supports much"
" larger values than this."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>shmmni</filename> &mdash; Sets the maximum number of shared memory"
" segments for the whole system, in bytes. By default, this value is "
"<computeroutput>4096</computeroutput>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>sysrq</filename> &mdash; Activates the System Request Key, if this"
" value is set to anything other than zero "
"(<computeroutput>0</computeroutput>), the default."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The System Request Key allows immediate input to the kernel through simple "
"key combinations. For example, the System Request Key can be used to "
"immediately shut down or restart a system, sync all mounted file systems, or"
" dump important information to the console. To initiate a System Request "
"Key, type <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>SysRq</keycap> <keycap> "
"<replaceable>system request code</replaceable> </keycap> </keycombo> . "
"Replace <replaceable>system request code</replaceable> with one of the "
"following system request codes:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>r</command> &mdash; Disables raw mode for the keyboard and sets it "
"to XLATE (a limited keyboard mode which does not recognize modifiers such as"
" <keycap>Alt</keycap>, <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>, or <keycap>Shift</keycap> for "
"all keys)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>k</command> &mdash; Kills all processes active in a virtual "
"console. Also called <firstterm>Secure Access Key</firstterm> "
"(<firstterm>SAK</firstterm>), it is often used to verify that the login "
"prompt is spawned from <command>init</command> and not a trojan copy "
"designed to capture usernames and passwords."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>b</command> &mdash; Reboots the kernel without first unmounting "
"file systems or syncing disks attached to the system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>c</command> &mdash; Crashes the system without first unmounting "
"file systems or syncing disks attached to the system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<command>o</command> &mdash; Shuts off the system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>s</command> &mdash; Attempts to sync disks attached to the system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>u</command> &mdash; Attempts to unmount and remount all file "
"systems as read-only."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>p</command> &mdash; Outputs all flags and registers to the console."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>t</command> &mdash; Outputs a list of processes to the console."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<command>m</command> &mdash; Outputs memory statistics to the console."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>0</command> through <command>9</command> &mdash; Sets the log level"
" for the console."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>e</command> &mdash; Kills all processes except "
"<command>init</command> using SIGTERM."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>i</command> &mdash; Kills all processes except "
"<command>init</command> using SIGKILL."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>l</command> &mdash; Kills all processes using SIGKILL (including "
"<command>init</command>). <emphasis>The system is unusable after issuing "
"this System Request Key code.</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "<command>h</command> &mdash; Displays help text."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This feature is most beneficial when using a development kernel or when "
"experiencing system freezes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The System Request Key feature is considered a security risk because an "
"unattended console provides an attacker with access to the system. For this "
"reason, it is turned off by default."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Refer to <filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/sysrq.txt</filename>"
" for more information about the System Request Key."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>tainted</filename> &mdash; Indicates whether a non-GPL module is "
"loaded."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput> &mdash; No non-GPL modules are loaded."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>1</computeroutput> &mdash; At least one module without a GPL"
" license (including modules with no license) is loaded."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<computeroutput>2</computeroutput> &mdash; At least one module was force-"
"loaded with the command <command>insmod -f</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>threads-max</filename> &mdash; Sets the maximum number of threads "
"to be used by the kernel, with a default value of "
"<computeroutput>2048</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>version</filename> &mdash; Displays the date and time the kernel "
"was last compiled. The first field in this file, such as "
"<computeroutput>#3</computeroutput>, relates to the number of times a kernel"
" was built from the source base."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/sys/net/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary> <tertiary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/</filename> directory</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid "<primary>DoS attack</primary> <see>Denial of Service attack</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>Denial of Service attack</primary> <secondary>definition "
"of</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary>Denial of Service attack</primary> <seealso> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/</filename> directory</seealso>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory contains subdirectories concerning various networking topics."
" Various configurations at the time of kernel compilation make different "
"directories available here, such as <filename>ethernet/</filename>, "
"<filename>ipv4/</filename>, <filename>ipx/</filename>, and "
"<filename>ipv6/</filename>. By altering the files within these directories, "
"system administrators are able to adjust the network configuration on a "
"running system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Given the wide variety of possible networking options available with Linux, "
"only the most common <filename>/proc/sys/net/</filename> directories are "
"discussed."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/sys/net/core/</filename> directory contains a variety of"
" settings that control the interaction between the kernel and networking "
"layers. The most important of these files are:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>message_burst</filename> &mdash; Sets the amount of time in tenths"
" of a second required to write a new warning message. This setting is used "
"to mitigate <firstterm>Denial of Service</firstterm> "
"(<firstterm>DoS</firstterm>) attacks. The default setting is "
"<computeroutput>10</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>message_cost</filename> &mdash; Sets a cost on every warning "
"message. The higher the value of this file (default of "
"<computeroutput>5</computeroutput>), the more likely the warning message is "
"ignored. This setting is used to mitigate DoS attacks."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The idea of a DoS attack is to bombard the targeted system with requests "
"that generate errors and fill up disk partitions with log files or require "
"all of the system's resources to handle the error logging. The settings in "
"<filename>message_burst</filename> and <filename>message_cost</filename> are"
" designed to be modified based on the system's acceptable risk versus the "
"need for comprehensive logging."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>netdev_max_backlog</filename> &mdash; Sets the maximum number of "
"packets allowed to queue when a particular interface receives packets faster"
" than the kernel can process them. The default value for this file is "
"<computeroutput>1000</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>optmem_max</filename> &mdash; Configures the maximum ancillary "
"buffer size allowed per socket."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>rmem_default</filename> &mdash; Sets the receive socket buffer "
"default size in bytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>rmem_max</filename> &mdash; Sets the receive socket buffer maximum"
" size in bytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>wmem_default</filename> &mdash; Sets the send socket buffer "
"default size in bytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>wmem_max</filename> &mdash; Sets the send socket buffer maximum "
"size in bytes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/</filename> directory contains additional "
"networking settings. Many of these settings, used in conjunction with one "
"another, are useful in preventing attacks on the system or when using the "
"system to act as a router."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"An erroneous change to these files may affect remote connectivity to the "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The following is a list of some of the more important files within the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/</filename> directory:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>icmp_echo_ignore_all</filename> and "
"<filename>icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts</filename> &mdash; Allows the kernel "
"to ignore ICMP ECHO packets from every host or only those originating from "
"broadcast and multicast addresses, respectively. A value of "
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput> allows the kernel to respond, while a "
"value of <computeroutput>1</computeroutput> ignores the packets."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ip_default_ttl</filename> &mdash; Sets the default <firstterm>Time"
" To Live (TTL)</firstterm>, which limits the number of hops a packet may "
"make before reaching its destination. Increasing this value can diminish "
"system performance."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ip_forward</filename> &mdash; Permits interfaces on the system to "
"forward packets to one other. By default, this file is set to "
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput>. Setting this file to "
"<computeroutput>1</computeroutput> enables network packet forwarding."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>ip_local_port_range</filename> &mdash; Specifies the range of "
"ports to be used by TCP or UDP when a local port is needed. The first number"
" is the lowest port to be used and the second number specifies the highest "
"port. Any systems that expect to require more ports than the default 1024 to"
" 4999 should use a range from 32768 to 61000."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>tcp_syn_retries</filename> &mdash; Provides a limit on the number "
"of times the system re-transmits a SYN packet when attempting to make a "
"connection."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>tcp_retries1</filename> &mdash; Sets the number of permitted re-"
"transmissions attempting to answer an incoming connection. Default of "
"<computeroutput>3</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>tcp_retries2</filename> &mdash; Sets the number of permitted re-"
"transmissions of TCP packets. Default of "
"<computeroutput>15</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "The file called"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt</filename>\n"
"        "
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"contains a complete list of files and options available in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/</filename> directory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"A number of other directories exist within the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/</filename> directory and each covers a "
"different aspect of the network stack. The "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/</filename> directory allows each system "
"interface to be configured in different ways, including the use of default "
"settings for unconfigured devices (in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/</filename> subdirectory) and "
"settings that override all special configurations (in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/</filename> subdirectory)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/</filename> directory contains "
"settings for communicating with a host directly connected to the system "
"(called a network neighbor) and also contains different settings for systems"
" more than one hop away."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Routing over IPV4 also has its own directory, "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/</filename>. Unlike "
"<filename>conf/</filename> and <filename>neigh/</filename>, the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/</filename> directory contains "
"specifications that apply to routing with any interfaces on the system. Many"
" of these settings, such as <filename>max_size</filename>, "
"<filename>max_delay</filename>, and <filename>min_delay</filename>, relate "
"to controlling the size of the routing cache. To clear the routing cache, "
"write any value to the <filename>flush</filename> file."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Additional information about these directories and the possible values for "
"their configuration files can be found in:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/sys/vm/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary> <tertiary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/vm/</filename> directory</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid "<primary>hugepages</primary> <secondary>configuration of</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid "<primary>TLB cache</primary> <see>hugepages</see>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory facilitates the configuration of the Linux kernel's virtual "
"memory (VM) subsystem. The kernel makes extensive and intelligent use of "
"virtual memory, which is commonly referred to as swap space."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The following files are commonly found in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/vm/</filename> directory:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>block_dump</filename> &mdash; Configures block I/O debugging when "
"enabled. All read/write and block dirtying operations done to files are "
"logged accordingly. This can be useful if diagnosing disk spin up and spin "
"downs for laptop battery conservation. All output when "
"<filename>block_dump</filename> is enabled can be retrieved via "
"<command>dmesg</command>. The default value is "
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"If <filename>block_dump</filename> is enabled at the same time as kernel "
"debugging, it is prudent to stop the <command>klogd</command> daemon, as it "
"generates erroneous disk activity caused by <filename>block_dump</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>dirty_background_ratio</filename> &mdash; Starts background "
"writeback of dirty data at this percentage of total memory, via a pdflush "
"daemon. The default value is <command>10</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>dirty_expire_centisecs</filename> &mdash; Defines when dirty in-"
"memory data is old enough to be eligible for writeout. Data which has been "
"dirty in-memory for longer than this interval is written out next time a "
"pdflush daemon wakes up. The default value is <command>3000</command>, "
"expressed in hundredths of a second."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>dirty_ratio</filename> &mdash; Starts active writeback of dirty "
"data at this percentage of total memory for the generator of dirty data, via"
" pdflush. The default value is <command>20</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>dirty_writeback_centisecs</filename> &mdash; Defines the interval "
"between pdflush daemon wakeups, which periodically writes dirty in-memory "
"data out to disk. The default value is <command>500</command>, expressed in "
"hundredths of a second."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>laptop_mode</filename> &mdash; Minimizes the number of times that "
"a hard disk needs to spin up by keeping the disk spun down for as long as "
"possible, therefore conserving battery power on laptops. This increases "
"efficiency by combining all future I/O processes together, reducing the "
"frequency of spin ups. The default value is "
"<computeroutput>0</computeroutput>, but is automatically enabled in case a "
"battery on a laptop is used."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This value is controlled automatically by the acpid daemon once a user is "
"notified battery power is enabled. No user modifications or interactions are"
" necessary if the laptop supports the ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power"
" Interface) specification."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "For more information, refer to the following installed documentation:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/laptop-"
"mode.txt</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>max_map_count</filename> &mdash; Configures the maximum number of "
"memory map areas a process may have. In most cases, the default value of "
"<computeroutput>65536</computeroutput> is appropriate."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>min_free_kbytes</filename> &mdash; Forces the Linux VM (virtual "
"memory manager) to keep a minimum number of kilobytes free. The VM uses this"
" number to compute a <filename>pages_min</filename> value for each "
"<filename>lowmem</filename> zone in the system. The default value is in "
"respect to the total memory on the machine."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>nr_hugepages</filename> &mdash; Indicates the current number of "
"configured <filename>hugetlb</filename> pages in the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>nr_pdflush_threads</filename> &mdash; Indicates the number of "
"pdflush daemons that are currently running. This file is read-only, and "
"should not be changed by the user. Under heavy I/O loads, the default value "
"of two is increased by the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>overcommit_memory</filename> &mdash; Configures the conditions "
"under which a large memory request is accepted or denied. The following "
"three modes are available:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>0</command> &mdash; The kernel performs heuristic memory over "
"commit handling by estimating the amount of memory available and failing "
"requests that are blatantly invalid. Unfortunately, since memory is "
"allocated using a heuristic rather than a precise algorithm, this setting "
"can sometimes allow available memory on the system to be overloaded. This is"
" the default setting."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>1</command> &mdash; The kernel performs no memory over commit "
"handling. Under this setting, the potential for memory overload is "
"increased, but so is performance for memory intensive tasks (such as those "
"executed by some scientific software)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<command>2</command> &mdash; The kernel fails requests for memory that add "
"up to all of swap plus the percent of physical RAM specified in "
"<filename>/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio</filename>. This setting is best for"
" those who desire less risk of memory overcommitment."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This setting is only recommended for systems with swap areas larger than "
"physical memory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>overcommit_ratio</filename> &mdash; Specifies the percentage of "
"physical RAM considered when "
"<filename>/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory</filename> is set to "
"<command>2</command>. The default value is <command>50</command>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>page-cluster</filename> &mdash; Sets the number of pages read in a"
" single attempt. The default value of <computeroutput>3</computeroutput>, "
"which actually relates to 16 pages, is appropriate for most systems."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>swappiness</filename> &mdash; Determines how much a machine should"
" swap. The higher the value, the more swapping occurs. The default value, as"
" a percentage, is set to <computeroutput>60</computeroutput>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"All kernel-based documentation can be found in the following locally "
"installed location:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/</filename>, "
"which contains additional information."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/sysvipc/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sysvipc/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory contains information about System V IPC resources. The files "
"in this directory relate to System V IPC calls for messages "
"(<filename>msg</filename>), semaphores (<filename>sem</filename>), and "
"shared memory (<filename>shm</filename>)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/tty/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/tty/</filename> directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This directory contains information about the available and currently used "
"<firstterm>tty devices</firstterm> on the system. Originally called "
"<firstterm>teletype devices</firstterm>, any character-based data terminals "
"are called tty devices."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"In Linux, there are three different kinds of tty devices. <firstterm>Serial "
"devices</firstterm> are used with serial connections, such as over a modem "
"or using a serial cable. <firstterm>Virtual terminals</firstterm> create the"
" common console connection, such as the virtual consoles available when "
"pressing <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap> <keycap>&lt;F-key&gt;</keycap> "
"</keycombo> at the system console. <firstterm>Pseudo terminals</firstterm> "
"create a two-way communication that is used by some higher level "
"applications, such as XFree86. The <filename>drivers</filename> file is a "
"list of the current tty devices in use, as in the following example:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"serial               /dev/cua        5  64-127 serial:callout\n"
"serial               /dev/ttyS       4  64-127 serial\n"
"pty_slave            /dev/pts      136   0-255 pty:slave\n"
"pty_master           /dev/ptm      128   0-255 pty:master\n"
"pty_slave            /dev/ttyp       3   0-255 pty:slave\n"
"pty_master           /dev/pty        2   0-255 pty:master\n"
"/dev/vc/0            /dev/vc/0       4       0 system:vtmaster\n"
"/dev/ptmx            /dev/ptmx       5       2 system\n"
"/dev/console         /dev/console    5       1 system:console\n"
"/dev/tty             /dev/tty        5       0 system:/dev/tty\n"
"unknown              /dev/vc/%d      4    1-63 console\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <filename>/proc/tty/driver/serial</filename> file lists the usage "
"statistics and status of each of the serial tty lines."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"In order for tty devices to be used as network devices, the Linux kernel "
"enforces <firstterm>line discipline</firstterm> on the device. This allows "
"the driver to place a specific type of header with every block of data "
"transmitted over the device, making it possible for the remote end of the "
"connection to a block of data as just one in a stream of data blocks. SLIP "
"and PPP are common line disciplines, and each are commonly used to connect "
"systems to one other over a serial link."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "<filename>/proc/<replaceable>PID</replaceable>/</filename>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/<replaceable>PID</replaceable>/</filename> "
"directory</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Out of Memory (OOM) refers to a computing state where all available memory, "
"including swap space, has been allocated. When this situation occurs, it "
"will cause the system to panic and stop functioning as expected. There is a "
"switch that controls OOM behavior in <filename "
"class=\"directory\">/proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom</filename>. When set to "
"<filename>1</filename> the kernel will panic on OOM. A setting of "
"<filename>0</filename> instructs the kernel to call a function named "
"<filename>oom_killer</filename> on an OOM. Usually, "
"<filename>oom_killer</filename> can kill rogue processes and the system will"
" survive."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The easiest way to change this is to echo the new value to <filename "
"class=\"directory\">/proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom</filename>."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"# cat /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom\n"
"1\n"
"\n"
"# echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom\n"
"\n"
"# cat /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom\n"
"0\n"
"      "
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"It is also possible to prioritize which processes get killed by adjusting "
"the <filename>oom_killer</filename> score. In <filename "
"class=\"directory\">/proc/<replaceable>PID</replaceable>/</filename> there "
"are two tools labelled <filename>oom_adj</filename> and "
"<filename>oom_score</filename>. Valid scores for "
"<filename>oom_adj</filename> are in the range -16 to +15. To see the current"
" <filename>oom_killer</filename> score, view the "
"<filename>oom_score</filename> for the process. "
"<filename>oom_killer</filename> will kill processes with the highest scores "
"first."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This example adjusts the oom_score of a process with a "
"<replaceable>PID</replaceable> of 12465 to make it less likely that "
"<filename>oom_killer</filename> will kill it."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"# cat /proc/12465/oom_score\n"
"79872\n"
"\n"
"# echo -5 &gt; /proc/12465/oom_adj\n"
"\n"
"# cat /proc/12465/oom_score\n"
"78\n"
"      "
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"There is also a special value of -17, which disables "
"<filename>oom_killer</filename> for that process. In the example below, "
"<filename>oom_score</filename> returns a value of 0, indicating that this "
"process would not be killed."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"# cat /proc/12465/oom_score\n"
"78\n"
"\n"
"# echo -17 &gt; /proc/12465/oom_adj\n"
"\n"
"# cat /proc/12465/oom_score\n"
"0\n"
"      "
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"A function called <filename>badness()</filename> is used to determine the "
"actual score for each process. This is done by adding up 'points' for each "
"examined process. The process scoring is done in the following way:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "The basis of each process's score is its memory size."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The memory size of any of the process's children (not including a kernel "
"thread) is also added to the score"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The process's score is increased for 'niced' processes and decreased for "
"long running processes."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Processes with the <filename>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</filename> and "
"<filename>CAP_SYS_RAWIO</filename> capabilities have their scores reduced."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The final score is then bitshifted by the value saved in the "
"<filename>oom_adj</filename> file."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Thus, a process with the highest <filename>oom_score</filename> value will "
"most probably be a non-priviliged, recently started process that, along with"
" its children, uses a large amount of memory, has been 'niced', and handles "
"no raw I/O."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Using the <command>sysctl</command> Command"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <command>sysctl</command> </primary> <secondary>controlling "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> <secondary> "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory</secondary> <seealso> "
"<command>sysctl</command> </seealso>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <command>sysctl</command> </primary> <secondary>configuring with "
"<filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> </secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <command>/sbin/sysctl</command> command is used to view, set, and "
"automate kernel settings in the <filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"For a quick overview of all settings configurable in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory, type the <command>/sbin/sysctl "
"-a</command> command as root. This creates a large, comprehensive list, a "
"small portion of which looks something like the following:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"net.ipv4.route.min_delay = 2 kernel.sysrq = 0 kernel.sem = 250     32000     32     128\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"This is the same information seen if each of the files were viewed "
"individually. The only difference is the file location. For example, the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/min_delay</filename> file is listed as "
"<computeroutput>net.ipv4.route.min_delay</computeroutput>, with the "
"directory slashes replaced by dots and the "
"<computeroutput>proc.sys</computeroutput> portion assumed."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"The <command>sysctl</command> command can be used in place of "
"<command>echo</command> to assign values to writable files in the "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> directory. For example, instead of using the"
" command"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid "use the equivalent <command>sysctl</command> command as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: screen
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"\n"
"sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=\"1\"\n"
"kernel.sysrq = 1\n"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"While quickly setting single values like this in "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> is helpful during testing, this method does "
"not work as well on a production system as special settings within "
"<filename>/proc/sys/</filename> are lost when the machine is rebooted. To "
"preserve custom settings, add them to the "
"<filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> file."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Each time the system boots, the <command>init</command> program runs the "
"<filename>/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit</filename> script. This script contains a "
"command to execute <command>sysctl</command> using "
"<filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> to determine the values passed to the "
"kernel. Any values added to <filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> therefore "
"take effect each time the system boots."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "References"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> "
"<secondary>additional resources</secondary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Below are additional sources of information about <filename>proc</filename> "
"file system."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Installed Documentation"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> "
"<secondary>additional resources</secondary> <tertiary>installed "
"documentation</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"Some of the best documentation about the <filename>proc</filename> file "
"system is installed on the system by default."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt</filename>"
" &mdash; Contains assorted, but limited, information about all aspects of "
"the <filename>/proc/</filename> directory."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/sysrq.txt</filename>"
" &mdash; An overview of System Request Key options."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/sysctl/</filename>"
" &mdash; A directory containing a variety of <command>sysctl</command> tips,"
" including modifying values that concern the kernel "
"(<filename>kernel.txt</filename>), accessing file systems "
"(<filename>fs.txt</filename>), and virtual memory use "
"(<filename>vm.txt</filename>)."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<filename>/usr/share/doc/kernel-"
"doc-<replaceable>kernel_version</replaceable>/Documentation/networking/ip-"
"sysctl.txt</filename> &mdash; A detailed overview of IP networking options."
msgstr ""

#. Tag: title
#, no-c-format
msgid "Useful Websites"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: indexterm
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<primary> <filename>proc</filename> file system</primary> "
"<secondary>additional resources</secondary> <tertiary>useful "
"websites</tertiary>"
msgstr ""

#. Tag: para
#, no-c-format
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"http://www.linuxhq.com/\">http://www.linuxhq.com/</ulink> "
"&mdash; This website maintains a complete database of source, patches, and "
"documentation for various versions of the Linux kernel."
msgstr ""